s`7 @@@ @@@@22\p EN DB      &HW+ e@ '_7 m44/Agblevor1995 Atchison1986 Babu2002 Baker1991 Baskin2004 Baskin2004  Baskin2004 Baxter2004!Bergeron1989 Bulpitt1980  Butts1987  Chaffin1983- Chornet1996" Chum19873 Cote1982  Cubbage1985. Davis19955EIA June 2005# Felker1980 Granatstein20032 Hakkila1989  Harris1986 Hustad1998Kaminsky2004 Knoef20034 McNab1980 Meijer2003 Milne1998$ Misra19936 Morris1992 Morrow1980 Morrow1982%Nicholls2004Nieminen20047Products2000 Program2004& Program2004' Program2004 Rauch2002 Richardson20020 Ross1996Scoditti2003 Skott2000(Stricker2004 Teislev2002 van Alkemade1999) Wallace2004 Willeboer20011 Wyman1996* Zerbe1991+ Zerbe1992, Zerbe2004   Authors4JournalsKeywords                                40+Agblevor, F. A.;Besler, S.;Wiselogel, A. E. Araki, D.$Atchison, J.L.; A.A. Montgomery Babu, S.P. Baker, A.J. Baskin, K.Baxter, L.; J. Koppejan Bergeron, P.W.; Hinman, N.D.Bioenergy, IEA($Bulpitt, W.S.; C.L. Aton; J.F. Allen,'Burley, J.; Evans, J.; Youngquist, J.A.0*Butts, P.M.; R.L. Chaffin; A.A. Montgomery$Chaffin, R.L.; A.A. Montgomery85Chornet, E.; M. Mann; D. Wang; D. Montane, S. Czernik Chum, H.L. Cote, W.A. Cubbage, F.W.; J.R. SaucierPJDavis, M. F.;Johnson, D. K.;Deutch, S.;Agblevor, F.;Fennell, J.;Ashley, P.EIA84Felker, P.; Clark, P.R.; Osborn, J.F.; Cannell, G.H.Granatstein, D.L.Hakkila, Pentti Harris, A. R.; Phillips, D.R.(%Hustad, J.E.; Fossum, M.; Beyer, R.V.IEA Kaminsky, J. Knoef, H. McNab, W.H. Meijer, R.,(Milne, T.A.; Evans, R.J.; Abatzoglou, N.,'Misra, M.K.; Ragland, K.W.; Baker, A.J.Morris, D.J. and I. AhmedMorrow, James E.84Nicholls, D.L.; J.I. Zerbe; R.D. Bergman; P.M. Crimp Nieminen, M.0*Products, Committee on Biobased Industrial("Program, Federal Energy Management$ Program, Regional Biomass Energy Rauch, R.D?Richardson, J.; R. Bjorheden; P. Hakkila; A.T. Lowe; C.T. Smith Ross, C.C.$ science, Springer series in wood Scoditti, E. Skott, Torben; M.T. Hansen Stricker, J.A.; Smith, W.H. Suadicani, K. Teislev, B.0+van Alkemade, M.M.C.; S. Loo; W.F. Sulilatu0+Wallace, R.; Ibsen, K.; McAloon, A; Yee, W. Willeboer, W. Wyman, C.E. Zerbe, J.I.         6$DD .(Milne, T.A.; Evans, R.J.; Abatzoglou, N. 1998F@Biomass Gasifier "Tars": Their Nature, Formation, and Conversion  Golden, CO *$National Renewable Energy Laboratory 204 November 1998NREL/TP-570-25357TMhttp://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/downloads/en/IEA/TomandNicolasreport.pdf.'Misra, M.K.; Ragland, K.W.; Baker, A.J.e 1993@9Wood Ash Composition as a Function of Furnace Temperature9Biomass and Bioenergyl4e2m14ZTThe elemental and molecular compositionof mineral matter in five wood types and two barks was investigated as a function of temperature using themal gravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Low temperature ash was prepared at 500C, and samples were heated in a tube furnace at temperature increments to 1400C. The dissociation of caronates and the volatilization of K, S, and trace amounts of Cu and B were investigated as a function of temperature. The implications for ash deposition in furnaces is discussed.<6http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1993/misra93a.pdf Morris, D.J. and I. Ahmed. 1992\VThe Carbohydrate Economy: Making Chemicals and Industrial Materials from Plant Matter.  Washington DC{ & Institute of Local Self Reliance Morrow, James E. 19802,Wood as a household energy source in Georgia$Georgia Forest Research Papero "Georgia Forestry CommissionR8\ 1980TNhttp://www.gfc.state.ga.us/Publications/Educational/WoodUtilization/GFRP08.pdf Morrow, James E. 19824-Wood- A growing home energy source in Georgia{$Georgia Forest Research Papert "Georgia Forestry Commission216 1982TNhttp://www.gfc.state.ga.us/Publications/Educational/WoodUtilization/GFRP29.pdf 44 2#25.PJDavis, M. F.;Johnson, D. K.;Deutch, S.;Agblevor, F.;Fennell, J.;Ashley, P. 1995HAVariability in the Composition of Short Rotation Woody Feedstocks\`YSecond Biomass Conference of the Americas: Energy, Environment, Agriculture, and Industry  Portland, OR108-21-95zThis report discusses the variability in chemical composition caused by clonal,geographical, and environmental effects on short rotation woody feedstocks, mainly hybrid clones of poplar. The concentrations of major and minor components have been determined by chemical analysis and pyrolysis molecular beam mas spectrometry (Py-MBMS). The chemical composition was determined for a sample set consisting of debarked wood chips from three clones of deltoides x nigra (DN) and one clone of tristis x balsamifera that were grown on four replicate plots at two locations in Wisconsin. The composition of the wood chips determined by chemical analysis and Py-MBMS showed that the tristis clone was significantly different from that of all the DN clones. The composition of the DN clones studied in this sample set were relatively similar to other hybrid poplar samples that have been analyzed over the past three years. The level of compositional variation due to clonal, geographical, and environmental factors observed in short rotation woody species to date indicates that they are a consistent and stable feedstock for biofuels production. The effects of storage on different short rotation woody crops have been studied. Results of the analysis of fresh and stored hybrid poplar using traditional wet chemical analysis showed differences in the chemical composition of the feedstocks because of storage. Also presented are results from a rapid analytical technique using py-MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis to assess the influence of storage on the composition of different short rotation feedstocks. Because of the rapid nature of this technique, a large number of samples could be screened to determine the extent of degradation throughout the piles. The application of this technique to the samples in this study indicated changes in the chemical composition occurred during the storage period."Copyrighted...check library EIAA June 2005/"Energy Production by Source Washington, DC Department of Energy:4http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mer/pdf/pages/sec1_5.pdf:4Felker, P.; Clark, P.R.; Osborn, J.F.; Cannell, G.H. 1980:3Utilization of Mesquite Pods for Ethanol Productiong2,Tree Crops for Energy Co-Production on Farms Estes Park, CO &Solar Energy Research Institute142+Report Number SERI/CP-622-1086; CONF-801172Mesquite (Prosopis spp) is a nitrogen fixing, salt-tolerant, arid land shrub or tree which occurs on 72 million acres of semiarid marginal land in the southwestern United States. Clonal Prosopis selections have been made for pod and woody biomass characters after evaluation of 80 accessions representing 13 species in four field plantings. Experimental mesquite strains show promise as an energy crop both from production of woody biomass and from fermentation of 36% sugar content pods.Rush Order: 800-553-6847 Granatstein, D.L.H 2003NHCase Study On Waste-Fuelled Gasification Project Greve In Chianti, Italy >8Natural Resources Canada/CANMET Energy Technology Centre20 June 2003NHhttp://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/downloads/en/IEA/GreveCaseStudy.pdfHakkila, Pentti 1989,&Utilization of residual forest biomass &Springer series in wood science4 Berlin, New York Springer 568tSD544 H345 1989a $Harris, A. R.; Phillips, D.R.F 1986$Density of Selected Wood Fuels$Georgia Forest Research Papern "Georgia Forestry Commissiont7P 1986TNhttp://www.gfc.state.ga.us/Publications/Educational/WoodUtilization/GFRP61.pdf ,%Hustad, J.E.; Fossum, M.; Beyer, R.V.V 19986/Co-combustion: Biomass Fuel Gas and Natural Gas} Trondheim, Norwaya Sintef Energy Research26 6-29-1998w 17E004.01ISBN No. 82-594-1296-9NGhttp://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/downloads/en/IEA/ieaCofirNOrep.pdf  Kaminsky, J. 2004Development Strategies for Deployment of Biomass Resources in the Production of Biomass Power: November 6,2001-February 28, 200388 2004Subcontract Report SR-510-33524 33524NTIS/GPO # 15006542NGThe study analyzes strategies for deployment of biomass resources for biopower generation. It compares biomass supply databases and the projected biopower market penetration for several alternative incentive scenarios. It analyzes the availability of biomass to meet the projected market demands and recommends future research.o:3Work performed by Jacob Kaminsky, Columbia Maryland 2+http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/33524.pdfy  Knoef, H.a 2003Fixed bed gasification IEAi Technology Brief- Task 331 Enschede, Netherlandse *#BTG (Biomass Technology Group) B.V.5 October 2003VOhttp://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/downloads/en/IEA/FixedBedGasificationr.pdf  McNab, W.H. 1980ngEstimating quantities of windrowed forest residues; a management tool for increased biomass utilization$Georgia Forest Research Paper  Atlanta, GA3 "Georgia Forestry Commission 1980SD12 G452 no. 2-45  Meijer, R. 2003Fuel gas co-firing IEAd Technology Brief- Task 33f Arnhem, Netherlands ,&KEMA Power Generation and Sustainables18 June 2003RVOhttp://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/downloads/en/IEA/Technologybrieffinalr.pdfebroot/downloads/en/IEA/GreveCaseStudy.pdfHakkila, Pentti 1989,&Utilization of residual forest biomass &Springer series in wood science4 Berlin, New York Springer 568tSD544 H345 1989a $Harris, A. R.; Phillips, D.R.F 1986$Density of Selected Wood Fuels$Georgia Forest Research Papern "Georgia Forestry Commissiont7P 1986TNhttp://www.gfc.state.ga.us/Publications/Educational/WoodUtilization/GFRP61.pdf ,%Hustad, J.E.; Fossum, M.; Beyer, R.V.V 19986/Co-combustion: Biomass Fuel Gas and Natural Gas} Trondheim, Norwaya Sintef Energy Research26 6-29-1998w 17E004.01ISBN No. 82-594-1296-9NGhttp://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/downloads/en/IEA/ieaCofirNOrep.pdf  Kaminsky, J. 2004Development Strategies for Deployment of Biomass Resources in the Production of Biomass Power: November 6,2001-February 28, 200388 2004Subcontract Report SR-510-33524 33524NTIS/GPO # 15006542NGThe study analyzes strategies for deployment of biomass resources for biopower generation. It compares biomass supply databases and the projected biopower market penetration for several alternative incentive scenarios. It analyzes the availability of biomass to meet the projected market demands and recommends future research.o:3Work performed by Jacob Kaminsky, Columbia Maryland 2+http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/33524.pdfy  Knoef, H.a 2003Fixed bed gasification IEAi Technology Brief- Task 331 Enschede, Netherlandse *#BTG (Biomass Technology Group) B.V.5 October 2003VOhttp://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/downloads/en/IEA/FixedBedGasificationr.pdf  Meijer, R. 2003Fuel gas co-firing IEAd Technology Brief- Task 33f Arnhem, Netherlands ,&KEMA Power Generation and Sustainables18 June 2003RVOhttp://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/downloads/en/IEA/Technologybrieffinalr.pdf v ( &Atchison, J.L.; A.A. MontgomeryP 1986JCRecent Trends in the consumption of wood for home energy in Georgiaa$Georgia Forest Research PaperF "Georgia Forestry Commission12 1986TNhttp://www.gfc.state.ga.us/Publications/Educational/WoodUtilization/GFRP66.pdf  Babu, S.P. 2002ZTBiomass Gasification for hydrogen production- Process description and research needs Des Plaines, IL Gas Technology Institute12 October 2002RKhttp://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/downloads/en/IEA/IEAnnexH210_02Rev.pdf Baker, A.J. 1991B7Turning Landfill Gas into Electricity in South Carolina/2n 2004Success story fact sheet on Southeast Regional Biomass Energy Program funded project by the South Carolina Energy Office to demonstrate landfill gas capture and electrical generation at a local landfill.z81http://devott.nrel.gov/rbep/pdfs/landfill_gas.pdf Baxter, L.; J. Koppejann 2004NGBiomass-coal Co-combustion: Opportunity for Affordable Renewable Energyi IEA_Task 32p12 Jan. 20041:4http://www.ieabcc.nl/publications/paper_cofiring.pdf lBiomass and Bioenergy<6Energy and Fuels: An American Chemical Society JournalWorld Resource Review,+*10)Z(H00V'& &Regional Biomass Energy Programt 2004VPReview Report of the REgional Biomass Energy Program State Grant Projects (2000)  Golden, CO $National Renewable Energy Labl35NREL/MP-510-37233zsThe Regional Biomass Energy Program (RBEP) is a federally funded program with the specific goal to increase the production and use of bioenergy resources. The RBEP serves as a critical link in furthering bioenergy development. The program carries out activities related to technology transfer, infrastructure development, industry support, stakeholder relationships, technology development and demonstration, and matching available bioenergy resources to conversion technologies. Its major focus is the transfer of current, reliable economic and technical information to potential bioenergy users. With its five regional programs and its state agency contacts, RBEP offers a well-connected national network of experts to serve regional and local needs. Over the next five years, the RBEP plans to build on its successes in communicating information to key constituency groups, leveraging private and public resources, and facilitating the demonstration of innovative technologies and processes for efficiently utilizing biomass resources for energy applications. This Review Report of the Regional Biomass Energy Program State Projects provides a brief narrative of some of the state initiatives being conducted within the five regional programs. Each RBEP seeks active cooperation and cost sharing with states, private industry, universities, and other federal agencies for its statefunded initiatives. Beyond the potential economic development benefits, participating states gain the opportunity to strengthen and integrate the work of energy, forestry, air quality, and other relevant offices through the RBEP's promotion of bioenergy use programs.2+http://www.nrel.gov/docs/gen/fy05/37233.pdf &Regional Biomass Energy Programs 2004ztRegional Biomass Energy Program Blueprint for Progress: 2000-2005: Clean Bioenergy Technologies for the 21st Century  Golden, CO NREL13NREL/MP-510-37232The Regional Biomass Energy Program (RBEP) is a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored effort located in five regions of the United States (U.S.). The first regional program was launched in 1979 for several states in the Northwestern U.S. The Congress formally established the RBEP in 1983, and three more regions--the Great Lakes, the Northeast, and the Southeast--were added at that time. A fifth region including the remaining 13 Western states in the continental U.S., was created in 1987.2+http://www.nrel.gov/docs/gen/fy05/37232.pdf  Rauch, R.. 2002^XBiomass gasification to produce Synthesis Gas for Fuel Cells, Liquid Fuels and Chemicals IEATechnology Brief-Task 33 Vienna, Austriau (!Institute of Chemical Engineering13 August 2002\Uhttp://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/downloads/en/IEA/TechnologybriefSynthesisGas.pdfF?Richardson, J.; R. Bjorheden; P. Hakkila; A.T. Lowe; C.T. Smith  2002JDBioenergy from sustainable Forestry: Guiding Principles and PracticeForestry Sciencesl Dordrecht, The Netherlands Kluwer Academic71 344 1-4020-0676-4 IEA Bioenergy T31: 2002:02 Ross, C.C. 1996*#The handbook for biogas utilizations  Atlanta, GAn ,%Environmental Treatment Systems, Inc.aTP 359 B48 R67 1996e  Scoditti, E. 2003*#Review of Energy Conversion Devicesv IEAi Technology Brief- Task 333  Rome, Italyh  ENEA Casaccia354May 2003b\http://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/downloads/en/IEA/ReviewofEnergyConversionDevicesrev.pdf  Skott, Torben; M.T. Hansen 200060Danish Biomass Solutions- reliable and efficient $Centre for Biomass Technology{ 2000,&http://www.videncenter.dk/uk/index.htm "Stricker, J.A.; Smith, W.H.  2004\UEconomic Development Through Biomass Systems Integration in Central Florida- May 1995s University of Florida1 296 6-30-2004Subcontract ReportNREL/SR-510-35432& Reclaimed phosphate mined land in central Florida has been identified as an area with potential for growing biomass crops. Approximately 73,000 acres of land could be available for biomass production should fuel from biomass systems prove profitable. Environmental impacts from large scale dedicated feedstock supply systems (DFSS) should be minimal provided best management practices are followed. A major environmental benefit for biomass/energy production is the reduction of buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by recycling carbon dioxide. Utilization of waste streams from ethanol production may be further exploited for production of methane gas or for direct combustion. Another possibility is production of animal feed. Additional research is needed to fully define the possibilities.2+http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35432.pdf  Teislev, B.t 20022+Wood-Chips Gasifier Combined Heat and Poweri Kolding, Denmark ("Babcock & Wilcox Volund R&D Centre11 2002f_http://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/downloads/en/IEA/WoodchipsGasifierCombinedheatandPower.pdf 2+van Alkemade, M.M.C.; S. Loo; W.F. Sulilatud 1999tmExploratory investigation into the possibilities of processing ash produced in the combustion of reject wood./ IEAFTask 32 VOTNO Institute of Environmental Sciences, Energy Research and Process Innovation452,http://www.ieabcc.nl/publications/R99357.PDF 2+Wallace, R.; Ibsen, K.; McAloon, A; Yee, W.o 2004{Feasibility Study for Co-Locating and Integrating Ethanol Production Plants from Corn Starch and Lignocellulosic Feedstocks268NREL/TP-510-37092In 1999, a joint study between USDA/ARS/ERRC and NREL was started to investigate synergies between commercial starch to ethanol technology and cellulosic biomass to ethanol technology, still in development.2+http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/37092.pdf  Willeboer, W. 2001TMCo-combustion of gasified contaminated waste wood in a coal fired power plantB Essent Eng. & Maintenance41 2001$EU Project #: SF/323/95/NL/FIf`http://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/downloads/en/IEA/IEAHVreportEUpublicversionfinaldec2001.pdf Wyman, C.E. 199682Handbook on bioethanol: production and utilization& Applied Energy Technology Series Washington, DC Taylor & Francis 424TP 358 H27 1996 Zerbe, J.I. 19914-Wood as a material for conservation of energy4.'Wood Product Demand and the Environmentr  Vancouver, BCo2}11-13-91<6http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1992/zerbe92a.pdf Zerbe, J.I.e 199260Liquid fuels from wood-ethanol, methanol, dieselWorld Resource Reviewu3f4r9d<6http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1991/zerbe91a.pdf Zerbe, J.I.l 2004Energy from Wood .'Burley, J.; Evans, J.; Youngquist, J.A.w&Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences_ London Elsevier Academic Press28lF?http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_zerbe001.pdf7% V :4Nicholls, D.L.; J.I. Zerbe; R.D. Bergman; P.M. Crimp 2004TMUse of Wood Energy fo Lumber Grying and Community Heating in Southeast Alaska USDA Forest Service14 FPL-GTR-152JDThe inadequate transportation infrastructure and undeveloped markets for sawmill residues in southeast Alaska are among the factors that limit the use of this forest resource. This study considers the potential use of sawmill residues to supply two bio-energy systems that would produce thermal energy for (1) community heating and (2) a lumber dry kiln in Hoonah, Alaska. The proposed community heating system would be a direct combustion system, burning approximately 1,450 green tons (1.315 green metric kilotons) of wood fuel per year to provide heating for seven centrally located buildings in Hoonah. Additional sawmill residues would be used in another system to provide process heat for a proposed 25,000 board foot (41.3 m3) dry kiln. The Hoonah sawmill typically produces as much as 5 million board feet (8,255 m3) of lumber per year, primarily from western hemlock and Sitka spruce. The processing of this amount of lumber would result in an adequate volume of residue to provide a fuel source for the heating requirements of the proposed projects. Wood residue from the sawmill is assumed to be available at no cost other than for transportation. Use of wood fuel for community heating would save an estimated 65,000 gallons (2.47 kL) of heating oil per year. Avoided fuel costs would be approximately $91,500 per year based on No. 2 fuel oil at a market price of $1.40 per gallon ($0.37 per liter). Based on a project life of 25 years and a contingency rate of 25%, the expected after-tax internal rate of return (IRR) for the community heating portion of the project is 29.6%. Total installed costs for the 1,195,000 Btu/h (350 kWthermal) community heat-ing system, including distribution piping and its installation and backup oil systems, are estimated to be $631,000. For the lum-ber dry kiln, in the second heat-generating system, economic results were less favorable, with expected energy savings of $82,900 per year and an after-tax IRR of 24.1% (also assuming 25% contingency). Estimated installed cost of the 1,536,000 Btu/h (450 kWthermal) dry kiln system with a backup oil system is $513,800.>7http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr152.pdf  Nieminen, M. 2004PJFluidized Bed Gasification, Gas Cleaning, and Fuel Gas Utilization Systems IEAw Technology Brief- Task 33b Finland0  VTT Processes6XQhttp://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/downloads/en/IEA/IEAtechbriefRev3may2004.pdf0)Committee on Biobased Industrial Productsd 2000RKBiobased Industrial Products: Priorities for Research and Commercialization  Washington DCt National Academy Press (!Federal Energy Management Programd 2004,&Biomass Cofiring in Coal-Fired Boilers FEMP40 2004NTIS/GPO #: 15007847 33811\("Report # BK-710-33811; DOE/EE-0288Cofiring biomass-for example, forestry residues such as wood chips-with coal in existing boilers is one of the easiest biomass technologies to implement in a federal facility. The current practice is to substitute biomass for up to 20% of the coal in the boiler. Cofiring has many benefits: it helps to reduce fuel costs as well as the use of landfills, and it curbs emissions of sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, and the greenhouse gases associated with burning fossil fuels. This Federal Technology Alert was prepared by the Department of Energy's Federal Energy Management Program to give federal facility managers the information they need to decide whether they should pursue biomass cofiring at their facilities.2+http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/33811.pdf   ! "Bergeron, P.W.; Hinman, N.D. 1989PJTechnical and Economic Analysis of Lignin Conversion to Methyl Aryl Ethers  Golden, CO &Solar Energy Research Instituteg11 6-1-89Report ChapterSERI/SP-231-35212+Document Source: STIS, Order No. DE89009460VOThe economical use of lignocellulosics for the production of liquid fuel depends on the efficient utilization of all the components in the feed material. Economic studies to date of the wood-to-ethanol process have assumed that the lignin fraction of woody biomass is burned for process fuel requirements. Alternatively, the lignin itself can be converted to methyl aryl ethers (MAE's), products with blending octane numbers and Reid vapor pressures that make them excellent candidates for use as octane enhancers in gasoline. The SERI (Solar Energy Research Institute) Engineering Research Section has completed a design and economic analysis effort which investigated several production scenarios for the conversion of lignin to methyl aryl ethers. The major conclusions from this study are as follows: (1) At high oil prices and with improvements beyond current laboratory results in product yields from the lignin hydrocracker and MAE synthesis reactors and with the recovery and recycle of the excess hydrogen in the product stream leaving the hydrocracker, it would be more economical to convert the lignin produced in a wood-to-ethanol plant to MAE's than to use it as boiler fuel for the ethanol plant. (2) The largest potential reduction in the cost of producing MAE may be obtained from research aimed at increasing the yield from the lignin hydrocracking reactor. When this yield is increased from 48%, as obtained in the laboratory, to 72%, which approximates the theoretical yield, the MAE selling price decreases by 22%. This, therefore, represents the research area with the highest potential payoff.Rush Order: 800-559-6847 *$Bulpitt, W.S.; C.L. Aton; J.F. Allen 1980("Industrial Wood Combustion Systems$Georgia Forest Research Paperi "Georgia Forestry Commissiona16 1980TNhttp://www.gfc.state.ga.us/Publications/Educational/WoodUtilization/GFRP13.pdf 0*Butts, P.M.; R.L. Chaffin; A.A. Montgomery 19872,A Survey of Georgia Users of Wood For Energy$Georgia Forest Research Papera "Georgia Forestry Commission15 1987TNhttp://www.gfc.state.ga.us/Publications/Educational/WoodUtilization/GFRP67.pdf $Chaffin, R.L.; A.A. Montgomery 1983(!The Energy Use of Wood in Georgiap$Georgia Forest Research Paperb "Georgia Forestry Commission/16 1983TNhttp://www.gfc.state.ga.us/Publications/Educational/WoodUtilization/GFRP45.pdf v (/t2+Agblevor, F. A.;Besler, S.;Wiselogel, A. E.k 19952+Fast Pyrolysis of Stored Biomass Feedstocks/<6Energy and Fuels: An American Chemical Society Journal9o6b 7-1-95yBiomass pyrolysis oils were produced from stored biomass feedstocks by rapid pyrolysis in a fluidized bed reactor. The feedstocks used for these studies were switchgrass, corn stover, and hybrid poplar. The woody and herbaceous feedstocks were stored in chip piles and bales, respectively, unprotected in an open field for 6 months. At the end of the storage period, biomass samples were taken from the interior of bales and the centers of chip piles for pyrolysis studies. The materials were ground to pass -20/+80 mesh and dried to less than 10% moisture content before pyrolyzing in the fluidized bed reactor. Pyrolysis was conducted at 500 C and with less than 0.4 s apparent vapor residence time. Total liquid yields were as high as 66% for the hybrid poplar and as low as 58% for the corn stover. Moisture content of the oils was between 10 and 13%. Gas and char/ash yields were 10-15% and 12-22%, respectively. The char/ash yields were feedstock dependent, but storage influence was significant for only the corn stover feedstock. Gas and liquid yields were not influenced by storage time. The oils were highly oxygenated and had higher heating values of 23-24 MJ/kg that decreased slightly with storage time for all the feedstocks except the switchgrass. The oils, as currently produced, are high in ash and alkali metals. Ultimately, they may be upgraded and used as boiler and turbine fuels.,%http://devafdc.nrel.gov/pdfs/3508.pdf &Atchison, J.L.; A.A. MontgomeryP 1986JCRecent Trends in the consumption of wood for home energy in Georgiaa$Georgia Forest Research PaperF "Georgia Forestry Commission12 1986TNhttp://www.gfc.state.ga.us/Publications/Educational/WoodUtilization/GFRP66.pdf  Babu, S.P. 2002ZTBiomass Gasification for hydrogen production- Process description and research needs Des Plaines, IL Gas Technology Institute12 October 2002RKhttp://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/downloads/en/IEA/IEAnnexH210_02Rev.pdf Baker, A.J. 1991B7Turning Landfill Gas into Electricity in South Carolina/2n 2004Success story fact sheet on Southeast Regional Biomass Energy Program funded project by the South Carolina Energy Office to demonstrate landfill gas capture and electrical generation at a local landfill.z81http://devott.nrel.gov/rbep/pdfs/landfill_gas.pdf Baxter, L.; J. Koppejann 2004NGBiomass-coal Co-combustion: Opportunity for Affordable Renewable Energyi IEA_Task 32p12 Jan. 20041:4http://www.ieabcc.nl/publications/paper_cofiring.pdf *3"-<5Chornet, E.; M. Mann; D. Wang; D. Montane, S. Czernikp 1996JDBiomass-to-Hydrogen via fast pyrolysis and catalytic steam reforming*#1996 US DOE Hydrogen Program Reviewb  Miami, FL24NREL/TP-403-21968Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and reforming the pyroligneous oils is being studied as a strategy for producing hydrogen. Novel technologies for the rapid pyrolysis of biomass have been developed in the past decade.;,%http://devafdc.nrel.gov/pdfs/7307.pdfe  Chum, H.L. 1987$Lignin Conversion-An Overviewr  Golden, CO &Solar Energy Research Institutee1710-13-87Conference PaperSERI/SP-231-3245"Lignins are complex amorphous polymers which contain 30%-40% of the heat content in woody feedstocks. Biomass pretreatment alters chemical composition and properties of the resulting lignins. The aromatic complex nature of lignins suggests that they can be converted into mixtures of low-molecular-weight compounds that could be excellent liquid fuels. Various approaches could be used in this conversion. For instance, a mild hydrodeoxygenation and dealkylation leads to a mixture of substituted phenolic compounds and aromatic hydrocarbons as main products. The phenolics can be converted into methyl aryl ethers (MAE). The mixture of MAE and aromatic hydrocarbons has a high value as a low-vapor pressure octane enhancer that is fully compatible with gasoline. Other routes of conversion are possible. Because of the complexity of lignins, it is the authors strategy to produce mixtures of acceptable products such that separation costs that have plagued lignin utilization for one product routes are minimized. An integral part of lignin conversion into liquid fuels is lignin characterization which helps identify feedstock characteristics that make them most suitable for biochemical conversion. The characterization studies identify key chemical structures present in the lignins after pretreatment which have to be modified to transform these low-molecular-weight polymers into liquid fuels. Extractives and other bark-derived materials are isolated with the lignins after chemical modification in the pretreatment step and will be processed with lignins.Rush Order: 800-553-6847 Cote, W.A. 1982Biomass Utilizationf  Cote, W.A.:4NATO Advanced Study Institute on Biomass Utilization Alchbideche, Portugal  Plenum Press 730a 1983TP360 N28 1982 "Cubbage, F.W.; J.R. Saucier/ 1985PJHardwood Fuelwood in North Georgia: Resources, Utilization, and Harvesting$Georgia Forest Research Paper\ "Georgia Forestry Commission11 1985TNhttp://www.gfc.state.ga.us/Publications/Educational/WoodUtilization/GFRP58.pdf